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"merchant liability"

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Diagram illustrating the types of chargeback disputes in card payments

Chargeback

What are the chargeback dispute types?

A chargeback is a dispute raised against a card transaction when the cardholder did not make it or does not recall it. The dispute types vary depending on the situation; let's look at them.

Credit cards inside an open wallet

Merchant & POS

Who is liable for a transaction made without a PIN?

Almost all of us carry at least one credit card. Imagine losing your wallet with all your cards inside, and someone with bad intentions finding it and using the cards without a PIN. Who bears the responsibility?

EMV chip card illustration

Online & Authorization

What is EMV?

EMV stands for Europay, Mastercard and Visa. In 1994 these companies formed a working group to set chip-card standards, leading to the EMV standards used worldwide today.

Illustration of ways merchants can reduce chargebacks on card transactions

Chargeback

How to Reduce Chargebacks (For Merchants)

Chargeback is inherent to card transactions, so it may be impossible to prevent entirely, but taking precautions keeps the risk to a minimum. Here are the key points merchants should pay attention to in order to reduce chargebacks.

Diagram illustrating card fraud and forgery in card payments

Security

What Is Forgery in Card Payments?

Forgery in card payments means transactions made with card details without the cardholder's knowledge, or purchases with counterfeit or stolen cards. Merchants cannot eliminate fraud and chargeback risk, but they should aim to reduce it to reasonable levels.

Illustration of a Card Not Present (CNP) online payment transaction

Credit Card

What Is a CNP (Card Not Present) Transaction?

CNP refers to a transaction made through a website or a company's own app payment page, where the card is not read by any device and its details are entered manually. It is short for Card Not Present.

Person entering card details on an online payment page

E-commerce

What is Online Payment?

Making payments over the internet using a card is called online payment. Learn what online payment systems are used for and what happens behind an online transaction, from the payment gateway to the issuing bank.

Illustration of a payment card used for online shopping

Debit Card

Can You Shop Online with an ATM Card?

When we think of online shopping, we usually picture paying with a credit card. But can customers without a credit card, only an ATM card, shop online? Of course they can — you don't need a credit card to enjoy the convenience of e-commerce.

Illustration explaining what a non-secure e-commerce card transaction is

Payment Systems

What is a Non-Secure transaction?

A non-secure transaction is an e-commerce transaction approved without any verification before authorization, such as SMS OTP. In short, authorization is obtained by verifying only the card number, expiration date, and CVV2.

Payment card with an EMV chip

Clearing

What is Chip Condition Code?

Chip Condition Code is a code carried in the F60 (Additional Data) DE14 field during clearing that shows the chip read status. The possible values and their descriptions are listed below.