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Diagram showing membership types for Visa and Mastercard card schemes

Credit Card

How Many Types of Membership Are There by Card Scheme?

Banks must go through a costly, arduous process to issue cards (issuer) and accept cards (acquirer), paying high entry fees to international license providers and local organizations such as BKM.

Diagram illustrating the TLV (Tag-Length-Value) data structure

Online & Authorization

What is TLV (Tag-Length-Value)?

TLV is a data storage method used to speed up the parsing of data. For example, reading data from a card's chip at a POS and carrying it through authorization uses the TLV structure.

Illustration explaining OTP one-time password verification

Security

What Is OTP (One-Time Password)?

These are passwords generated for one-time use and sent to the cardholder's phone to verify card transactions in payment systems. The password sent during a 3D Secure transaction is a common example.

Diagram illustrating the ISO 8583 F55 field structure for ICC system related data

ISO 8583

ISO 8583 Field Descriptions (F55)

F55 - INTEGRATED CIRCUIT CARD (ICC) SYSTEM RELATED DATA: the field where EMV data is written on chip cards. It consists of components such as Position, Private Data Subelements, PDS Tag, PDS Length, and PDS Value...

Illustration of personal data protection under the Turkish Personal Data Protection Law (KVKK)

Merchant & POS

What is the Personal Data Protection Law (KVKK)?

The Personal Data Protection Law was adopted by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on 24/03/2016 and published in Official Gazette No. 29677 on 07/04/2016. It protects individuals' rights in the processing of personal data and sets the rules that data controllers must follow.

Diagram of the chargeback process between cardholder, issuer and acquirer

Chargeback

How to Reduce Chargebacks (For Cardholders)

A chargeback is when a cardholder asks the issuing bank to refund a transaction made without their knowledge. It cannot be prevented entirely, but simple precautions can minimize the risk. Here is how the process works and what cardholders should do.

Diagram illustrating TCR (Transaction Record Component) packets used in payment clearing and settlement files

Payment Systems

What Is TCR (Transaction Record Component)?

TCR stands for Transaction Record Component, the packets that carry transaction information in a clearing system. Transaction types in a clearing file are distinguished by transaction code and usage code values, and this data is sent inside TCR packets.

Diagram illustrating the Card Personalization Validation (CPV) process

Credit Card

What is CPV (Card Personalization Validation)?

CPV stands for Card Personalization Validation. It is Mastercard's term for the set of recommendations and instructions defined for the card personalization process. The equivalent for Visa is called GPR (Global Personalization Requirements).

Close-up of a credit card, illustrating a transaction pending in open authorization

Merchant & POS

Can an Open-Authorization Transaction Be Cancelled?

Open authorization covers the period between authorization, POS batch close, the bank's end-of-day process, and clearing. Learn which steps allow cancellation versus refund, and what a cardholder should do.

Credit card statement showing an unrecognized transaction

Credit Card

Is Your Card Making Purchases Without Your Knowledge?

While reviewing your credit card statement, you suddenly notice a transaction you never made. What would you think? Is your card going shopping while you sleep? Let's look at how this can happen and what to do about it.

Illustration of a multicurrency POS terminal supporting multiple foreign currencies

Merchant & POS

What Is a MultiCurrency POS?

Multicurrency POS refers to POS devices that can process transactions in foreign currencies (USD, EUR, GBP, etc.) in addition to Turkish Lira. Merchants using a MultiCurrency POS can process transactions in different currencies for international cardholders.