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Logos of various international payment card schemes

Credit Card

What Are National and International Payment Schemes?

In the world of payment systems, just as credit cards are an indispensable product, a payment scheme is indispensable for credit cards. When a credit card product is launched, the scheme it will be issued under is decided first.

Diagram illustrating the soft chargeback retrieval request process between cardholder, issuer and merchant

Chargeback

What Is a Soft Chargeback?

A soft chargeback, also called a retrieval request, is a request for documents about a transaction the cardholder does not recognize. Learn why customers request them, what information merchants should provide, and why a fast response matters.

Diagram illustrating the EMV Tag-Length-Value (TLV) data structure used in card transactions

Online & Authorization

What are EMV Tags?

In EMV, data is stored in Tag-Length-Value (TLV) format, and it is carried between the card, the POS terminal, and the authorization system in this same format. This post lists every EMV Tag, its type, and its description.

Diagram illustrating the properties and lifecycle of a tokenized card number as it moves through the payment network

HCE

What Are the Characteristics of a Tokenized Card Number?

A tokenized card number replaces a physical card number so transactions can be carried out securely. It is generated by the TSP (Token Service Provider), used by the cardholder or merchant, and travels across the payment systems network.

American Express (Amex) card and logo

Credit Card

What Is an Amex (American Express) Card?

Amex is short for American Express, a payment scheme like Mastercard, Visa, or TROY. Learn its history, what sets Amex cards apart, and whether every website accepts them.

Diagram illustrating the ISO/IEC 14443 contactless card communication standard

HCE

What Is the ISO/IEC 14443 Standard?

An international standard that defines proximity cards used in Near Field Communication (NFC) and the protocols used to communicate with them. It has 4 parts; Part 4 covers NFC and HCE operations.

Diagram illustrating the retrieval request process in card transactions

Chargeback

What is a Retrieval Request?

A chargeback is when cardholders dispute a transaction made without their knowledge through their card-issuing bank. So what does a Retrieval Request mean? It is essentially a document request related to transactions a cardholder does not recognize on their statement.

Illustration representing electronic payment systems

Payment Systems

What are Payment Systems?

Let's talk about payment systems, which we have heard more about since the internet entered our lives, and the basic structures behind them. The first credit card in the world was used in America in the 1920s.

OTP SMS service icon illustrating one-time password delivery

Security

What Is OTP? What Is Its Role in End-to-End Security?

With Chip&Pin technology, card PINs and chip-based transactions became widespread. As online shopping grew, strengthening the security of these transactions became a necessity, and OTP began providing that transaction security.

MasterCard Identity Check logo and authentication illustration

Security

What is MasterCard Identity Check?

Payment security is very important in payment systems. To increase security, transactions require additional information such as PINs and passwords. Remembering which information to use, and keeping it in mind without forgetting…