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Laws & Regulations
A card scheme organization establishes a debit, credit or prepaid card system and authorizes entities to issue cards or sign merchant agreements. Troy, Visa, Mastercard, American Express, JCB and MIR are examples. This post explains how ATM and POS certification works.
Payment System Institutions
UnionPay Online Payments (UPOP) lets merchants in China, New Zealand, Australia and other countries extend their e-commerce stores to accept UnionPay payments. UnionPay supports over 5 billion cards in more than 140 countries.
ATM
FLM (First Line Maintenance) refers to service calls that require no tools or parts but are needed to return an ATM to proper working condition. It covers basic issues such as paper jams, cash jams, and restocking consumables.
HSM & Security
A Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) is an environment where executed code and accessed data are isolated and protected in terms of confidentiality (no one has access to the data) and integrity (no one can alter the code or its behavior). We may not realize it, but many…
Merchant & POS
A step-by-step walkthrough of a 100 TL POS sale: end-of-day batch close, clearing through BKM, interchange and merchant commission, and why the merchant gets paid even if the cardholder never pays the card bank.
Payment Systems
Electronic money is a legally defined concept in Türkiye under Law No. 6493. Since Bitcoin is not linked to any central bank or official institution and does not meet the required conditions, it cannot be considered electronic money.
Credit Card
SAFE, short for System to Avoid Fraud Effectively, refers to fraud records created by issuing banks. Fraud records sent in the Mastercard clearing format fall under the SAFE category.
Credit Card
AMLD5 is the European Union's Fifth Anti-Money Laundering Directive. It updates the Fourth Directive to stop the financial sector being used for terrorist financing and money laundering.
Credit Card
Major Industry Identifier (MII) is the first digit of a credit card number, representing the category of the institution that issued the card. The MII values and their corresponding categories are listed below.
Credit Card
Issuer Identification Number (IIN) is the first 6 digits of 16-digit cards and the first 8 digits of 19-digit cards. It is more commonly known as BIN (Bank Identification Number). Learn what the IIN table holds and how to look one up.
Laws & Regulations
Turkey is rapidly implementing the items in the 11th Development Plan for a fintech ecosystem with equal opportunity. Under the approved law amendment, some BRSA powers over payment services and e-money companies were transferred to the CBRT, making it the single authority in payments.
Open Banking
EPSM is a non-profit trade association that represents its members' interests and enables the exchange of news, information and opinions about the European payments market.