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Illustration representing QR code payment routing in Turkey

Payment Systems

What are the QR Code Routing System (KYS) Rules?

The purpose of these rules is to set out the operating rules, participation requirements, and pricing principles of the QR Code Routing System (KYS) established and operated by BKM, as well as other procedures related to KYS's operation.

Illustration of a credit card installment payment plan

Credit Card

What is an installment?

An installment is when a credit card transaction is split into a fixed number of monthly payments to the bank. For example, splitting a 100 TL purchase into 5 installments means paying the bank 20 TL per month until the full amount is paid off.

Conceptual illustration of AI agents engaging in online commerce and payments

Agentic Commerce

Agentic Commerce Series – Part 1

The next customer on the internet may not be human. If AI agents become part of purchasing decisions, the rules of e-commerce, marketing, and payment systems could change.

Diagram explaining the PAN Sequence Number (PSN) field on a chip card

Credit Card

What Is PSN (PAN Sequence Number)?

A 2-character field written to the card's chip data that increases by 1 with each card renewal, allowing authorization to distinguish between the old and new card. This means that, theoretically, assuming no other conditions prevent it, a...

Hand entering a PIN code on a card payment terminal

Credit Card

What should be considered when setting a card PIN?

A credit card is one of the most important payment tools in our lives, which is why keeping it secure is extremely important. So how do we secure a credit card? The most important security measure is the card PIN.

BKM Express digital wallet screen

E-commerce

Will BKM Express Continue to Exist?

BKM Express has pioneered card storage and digital wallets in Turkey. After the Competition Authority's termination decision, a Board decision revoked it, so BKM Express will continue. Here is the latest situation.

Diagram of the ISO 8583 field F45 Track 1 data structure

ISO 8583

ISO 8583 Field Descriptions (F45)

F45 (TRACK-1 DAT) carries the Track 1 data of the card in ISO 7813 format, including field separators and start and end sentinels but excluding the LRC character. It is 76 characters long.

Close-up of the card security code printed on the back of a payment card

Credit Card

What is the Card Security Code?

The Card Security Code is a 3-digit numeric value used for cardholder verification and to reduce fraud risk. It is generated during card production and printed either on the card or encoded into the Track 1 and Track 2 data.