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Diagram illustrating the card authorization process

Merchant & POS

What Happens During Authorization?

Today, credit cards play an important role in our daily lives. We can carry out almost all of our transactions without carrying cash, using our credit card instead. During a purchase, we hand our card to the cashier and enter our PIN at the POS terminal.

UnionPay logo

Merchant & POS

What Is UnionPay?

UnionPay International (UPI) is a China UnionPay subsidiary founded in November 2012. Together with more than 1,000 institutions worldwide, UPI provides international card acceptance in 160 countries and card issuance in more than 40 countries and regions.

Illustration representing communication protocols used in POS payment systems

Merchant & POS

What Are POS Sub-Protocols and Their Use Cases in Turkey?

In payment systems, every exchange between POS devices and bank or payment institution systems runs on a specific messaging standard, generally based on ISO 8583. However, each country, bank, or switch network defines its own version of this standard.

Diagram showing how offline transactions are relayed from the POS to the card bank

Merchant & POS

How Do Offline Transactions Reach the Card and POS Bank?

In chip transactions made with a credit card via POS, the transaction amount is approved by the card and POS based on parameters on the card and POS, without going to the card bank or POS bank. These are called offline transactions.

Istanbulkart transit and payment card

Credit Card

Istanbulkart: Both Transit Card and Payment Card

When I think back to the Akbil I used when I first arrived in Istanbul, I think it's fair to say that Istanbulkart has undergone a very significant transformation. Users can now track activity, top up and view balances right from their phones.

UnionPay logo

Payment System Institutions

What is the UnionPay Online Payment System (UPOP)?

UnionPay Online Payments (UPOP) lets merchants in China, New Zealand, Australia and other countries extend their e-commerce stores to accept UnionPay payments. UnionPay supports over 5 billion cards in more than 140 countries.

Chart summarizing results of the BKM card usage survey

Credit Card

BKM Card Usage Survey

According to a survey by the Interbank Card Center measuring card usage habits in Turkey, card usage is increasing every day. Credit card preference rose from 61% in 2015 to 68% in 2017, while cash preference fell from 35% to 27%.

Table of merchant sectors where offline transactions are restricted

Merchant & POS

In Which Sectors Can Offline Transactions Not Be Performed?

An offline transaction is one approved by the card and the POS themselves, without going to any system (the card's bank or the POS's bank), when a chip card transaction is made at a POS. For this reason, some sectors considered risky are restricted.

Diagram of a partial authorization where an issuer approves only part of the requested amount

Merchant & POS

What Are the Partial Authorization Requirements for an Acquirer Bank?

Partial authorization lets an issuer approve part of the requested amount when the card lacks the full balance, with the rest paid another way. This post covers the technical, receipt, clearing, reconciliation, merchant and certification requirements for acquirers.