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Illustration of dynamic CVM limit management for contactless card payments

Payment Systems

Dynamic CVM Limit Management Approach: A New Era in Card Security

One of the most notable recent developments in card payments is that contactless limits are no longer fixed and can be managed dynamically per customer. Mastercard and Visa are taking different but complementary approaches, and ISO 8583 may need to evolve with them.

Architecture diagram of the Visa EAS Server within the Visa Secure 3-D Secure authentication flow

EMV

What Is the Visa EAS Server?

The Visa EAS Server (Extended Access Service) is a server used in Visa’s authentication infrastructure. It was developed to run the cardholder authentication process securely between banks and the Visa network, particularly within Visa Secure (3-D Secure 2.x).

Diagram showing the components of the External Authenticate command

EMV

What is the External Authenticate Command?

The EXTERNAL AUTHENTICATE command asks the application inside the ICC whether it can verify the cryptogram, and the ICC returns the processing status. Below are the components of the External Authenticate command and what issuer authentication means.

European Association for Secure Transactions EAST

ATM

What Is the European ATM Security Team (EAST)?

EAST, originally the European ATM Security Team, is a non-profit organization working on ATM security. Founded in 2004, it later broadened its scope and became the European Association for Secure Transactions.

ISO 8583 F124 field structure and subfield breakdown

ISO 8583

ISO 8583 Field Descriptions (F124)

F124 (Private Additional Data) contains additional information specific to the transaction, such as Card Update Failure Code and Status, cardholder name in money transfers, and keys in network management messages.

Diagram illustrating a Not Onus transaction between the issuer and acquirer

Merchant & POS

What does Not Onus mean?

Not Onus is a payment systems term meaning "Not On Us": a situation where the card-issuing bank and the POS/ATM (acquiring) bank differ. Such transactions are settled through clearing between the two banks.

Illustration representing the Discover and PayPal partnership for cardholder rewards

Credit Card

Discover Cardholders Will Be Able to Use Their Points at PayPal Merchants

To issue a card, the necessary certifications must be obtained from brands such as MasterCard, Visa, Troy, and Discover, and the card must be made available for cardholder use. Banks aim to increase customer loyalty by running points programs and similar campaigns.

Illustration of mobile commerce: shopping and payments made on a smartphone

E-commerce

What Is Mobile Commerce?

In recent years, data exchange over wireless mobile devices has become much faster and more secure. In 2019, mobile devices were used in 54.5 percent of purchases made by e-commerce users. With the steady growth in mobile users, mobile commerce keeps gaining ground.

Diagram illustrating the Card Verification Key (CVK) concept

Credit Card

What is CVK (Card Verification Key)?

CVK (Card Verification Key) is the key information used to generate and verify CVV/CVC values, confirming their validity. It is kept as a pair of keys, CVK A and CVK B, encrypted under TMK, ZMK or LMK.

Illustration representing the PIN Verification Key (PVK) concept in HSM security

Credit Card

What is PVK (Pin Verification Key)?

PVK (Pin Verification Key) is a key held on the HSM, used in PIN generation and verification, and therefore to confirm that a PIN is correct. On a shared network it is encrypted under TMK or ZMK; on a local network it is encrypted under one of the LMK pairs.