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Illustration of a digital wallet storing payment card information

Credit Card

What Is a Wallet?

The term 'wallet' has many definitions in payments and fintech. In general, it refers to digital wallets (e-wallets) used in e-commerce, popular because they let users securely store payment information and pay easily.

Screenshot of an Address Verification Service (AVS) response code table

Merchant & POS

What is Address Verification Service (AVS)?

Address Verification Service (AVS) is a fraud prevention system that helps limit fraud and chargebacks when used effectively. It verifies that the address a customer enters matches the cardholder's address on file with the issuer.

Example of a POS transaction receipt (slip)

Merchant & POS

Don't Dismiss the POS Receipt

In daily credit card purchases, the POS produces two receipts: the Customer Copy and the Merchant Copy. The cardholder gets the customer copy; the merchant keeps its own copy by law.

Diagram explaining PVKI and PVV calculation in card PIN verification

Credit Card

What Is PVKI (PIN Verification Key Index)?

PVKI is the abbreviation for PIN Verification Key Index. It is located within the card's Track 1 and Track 2 data and is used in PVV calculation. It can take values from 1 to 6, usually defaulting to 1.

Diagram illustrating the structure of Track2 data on a card's magnetic stripe

Credit Card

What Is Track2?

A special data set printed on a card's magnetic stripe, containing the card information required for authorization when the card is used physically. It consists of 40 numeric characters. The Track2 field structure includes several data fields such as length and description.

Diagram illustrating the Track 1 data structure and field layout on a magnetic stripe card

Credit Card

What is Track 1?

Track 1 is a special data set encoded on a card's magnetic stripe that contains the card information required for authorization when the card is used physically. It includes the cardholder name, card number, and expiration date.

ISO 8583 field 9 settlement conversion rate

ISO 8583

ISO 8583 Field Descriptions (F9)

DE 9, Conversion Rate, Settlement, carries the settlement conversion rate. It is an 8-digit numeric value: the first digit shows the decimal position from the right and the next 7 digits show the value.

Illustration representing an AI agent making a payment

Agentic Commerce

Agentic Commerce Series – Part 4

Are We Ready to Give an AI Agent the Authority to Make Payments? Having long looked at complaint and dispute processes in payment systems, I think granting an agent payment authority is far different from research or product selection.

Illustration representing the products and services KKB offers directly to its member institutions

Credit Card

What Products and Services Does KKB Offer Directly to Members?

KKB was established, under banking law, to enable the exchange of all kinds of information and documents among at least five banks, and it also shares credit information about customers. The Credit Bureau of Turkey also serves deposit banks, participation banks, financial institutions, and more.

Illustration of an e-commerce checkout page with card payment fields

Merchant & POS

How Important Is the Checkout Page in Payments?

The checkout page is where an online purchase is completed, and cart abandonment is highest there. This post lists design tips: support all cards, limit transition pages, show security cues, allow guest checkout and remove distractions.

Visa Merchant Purchase Inquiry (VMPI) process diagram

Fraud

What is Visa Merchant Purchase Inquiry (VMPI)?

Chargeback is the process of refunding a credit card payment when the goods or services that should have been received were not, or when transactions not made by the cardholder are identified. In Turkish it is translated as reversal of presentment.