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Credit Card
Major Industry Identifier (MII) is the first digit of a credit card number, representing the category of the institution that issued the card. The MII values and their corresponding categories are listed below.
Credit Card
CVV is short for Card Verification Value, a term used by Visa. CVC is short for Card Verification Code, a term used by MasterCard. The CVV/CVC code is used for cardholder verification and to reduce fraud risk.
Credit Card
Track3 is a field that doesn't need to be written to the card's magnetic stripe. It's used only in very specific cases and isn't required for authorization transactions. Issuers generally don't encode Track3 data onto the card's magnetic stripe. It consists of 104 numeric characters.
ISO 8583
F37-RETRIEVAL REFERENCE NUMBER is a code generated by the bank that initiates a transaction, used to uniquely track it. It is a 12-character alphanumeric value.
ISO 8583
DE 10, Conversion Rate, Cardholder Billing, is an 8-digit numeric value. The first digit shows the position of the decimal point from the right, and the next 7 digits show the value.
ISO 8583
Fields F4, F5, F6, F49, F50, and F51 are the Amount and Currency fields sent in the authorization message. For example, for a 300 Euro transaction, the amount and currency information sent in these fields is as follows.
Credit Card
BIN stands for Bank Identification Number, the unique code made up of a card's first 6 digits that identifies which bank issued it, under the ISO/IEC 7812 standard.
Credit Card
Although card usage today is shifting from physical use toward virtual use, physical card production, personalization, and printing remain vital steps in card manufacturing. Here are the companies that produce and personalize cards in Turkey.
Closed-Loop Payments
Why does a coffee chain build its own loyalty program, and why does a payment app keep adding services? This post looks at how loyalty, data, and new services drive the growth of closed-loop payment systems, and at the financial layers behind that growth.
FAST
The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT) has implemented a significant limit increase in the FAST system. Under the regulation effective August 26, 2026, the FAST money transfer limit was raised from TRY 100,000 to TRY 300,000. The same increase also applies to Request to Pay...
Merchant & POS
It's important to first distinguish between magnetic-stripe and fallback transactions. A magnetic-stripe transaction skips the chip entirely, which lowers its security level compared to a fallback transaction.
Payment Systems
TCR stands for Transaction Record Component, the packets that carry transaction information in a clearing system. Transaction types in a clearing file are distinguished by transaction code and usage code values, and this data is sent inside TCR packets.