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Table listing the EMV chip specifications used by Visa, Mastercard, American Express, JCB, Discover, and UnionPay

EMV

What are EMV Schemes?

EMV standards form the foundation for chip cards to work on terminals worldwide, but each scheme - VSDC (Visa), M/Chip (Mastercard), AEIPS (Amex), J Smart (JCB), D-PAS (Discover), and UICS (UnionPay) - defines its own keys, rules, and card profiles.

Logos of various international payment card schemes

Credit Card

What Are National and International Payment Schemes?

In the world of payment systems, just as credit cards are an indispensable product, a payment scheme is indispensable for credit cards. When a credit card product is launched, the scheme it will be issued under is decided first.

Diagram of the chargeback process between cardholder, issuer and acquirer

Chargeback

How to Reduce Chargebacks (For Cardholders)

A chargeback is when a cardholder asks the issuing bank to refund a transaction made without their knowledge. It cannot be prevented entirely, but simple precautions can minimize the risk. Here is how the process works and what cardholders should do.

Diagram of the components that make up an HCE transaction token

HCE

What components make up an HCE Token (Transaction Token)?

The token used in HCE transactions contains more than just a new number derived from the card number. It also includes single-use keys, an expiration date, RSA keys and certificates, transaction limits, and an Application Transaction Counter (ATC).

Architecture diagram of the Visa EAS Server within the Visa Secure 3-D Secure authentication flow

EMV

What Is the Visa EAS Server?

The Visa EAS Server (Extended Access Service) is a server used in Visa’s authentication infrastructure. It was developed to run the cardholder authentication process securely between banks and the Visa network, particularly within Visa Secure (3-D Secure 2.x).

Open banking illustration representing payment services data sharing APIs between financial institutions and third-party providers

Payment Systems

Guide on Data Sharing Services in Payment Services Published

Open banking opens financial data, under the regulations and with the customer's explicit consent, to third-party service providers through standard APIs. The CBRT has published a guide on payment initiation and account information services, covering licensing and technical certification.

BKM (Interbank Card Center) membership acceptance criteria overview

Laws & Regulations

What Are the BKM Membership Acceptance Criteria?

BKM (Interbank Card Center) membership is available in 3 statuses: bank, institution or HSK. This post explains the eligibility criteria for each status, the 12-month certification requirement and the BKM fee principles.

Illustration representing the BKM Payment Gateway

Payment Systems

What is the BKM Payment Gateway?

BKM Payment Gateway is the general name for platforms that let government institutions accept card payments through BKM as intermediary. For the first time, SGK and e-Government title deed payments can be made with all banking cards.