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Diagram illustrating the Card Personalization Validation (CPV) process

Credit Card

What is CPV (Card Personalization Validation)?

CPV stands for Card Personalization Validation. It is Mastercard's term for the set of recommendations and instructions defined for the card personalization process. The equivalent for Visa is called GPR (Global Personalization Requirements).

Illustration of personal data protection under the Turkish Personal Data Protection Law (KVKK)

Merchant & POS

What is the Personal Data Protection Law (KVKK)?

The Personal Data Protection Law was adopted by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on 24/03/2016 and published in Official Gazette No. 29677 on 07/04/2016. It protects individuals' rights in the processing of personal data and sets the rules that data controllers must follow.

Diagram illustrating the NextGenPSD2 framework for open banking APIs

Open Banking

What Is NextGenPSD2?

NextGenPSD2 is the set of API standards launched by the Berlin Group in 2017, now involving more than 1,700 banks from 20 countries. This post explains what the framework offers to banks, fintechs and third-party providers under PSD2.

Table of EMV Transaction Status Information (TSI) bit definitions

Merchant & POS

Transaction Status Information (TSI)

Contains the EMV steps performed by the Terminal in a transaction. The TSI fields, their possible values, and descriptions of the values are shown below.

Architecture diagram of the Visa EAS Server within the Visa Secure 3-D Secure authentication flow

EMV

What Is the Visa EAS Server?

The Visa EAS Server (Extended Access Service) is a server used in Visa’s authentication infrastructure. It was developed to run the cardholder authentication process securely between banks and the Visa network, particularly within Visa Secure (3-D Secure 2.x).

Payment card illustrating magnetic stripe data used for PIN verification

Credit Card

What is PVV (PIN Verification Value)?

PVV is the number encoded on a card's magnetic stripe that allows the cardholder's PIN to be verified by ATMs and POS terminals. It is a 4-digit cryptogram calculated through a cryptographic operation using the PIN and card data. The real result is longer than 4 digits.

EMV Lower Consecutive Offline Limit 9F14 illustration

EMV

What Is the Lower Consecutive Offline Limit?

The Lower Consecutive Offline Limit is the maximum number of consecutive offline transactions allowed by the ICC application, as set by the issuer, on a terminal capable of going online. It is sent in tag 9F14.

Diagram illustrating the role of a Secure Element Issuer in mobile payments

HSM & Security

What is a Secure Element Issuer?

Secure Element Issuer is the stakeholder that provides, maintains, and updates the secure element in cases where mobile payment application and card data are stored in the secure element inside a mobile phone.

GO Secure Payment logo

Merchant & POS

What Is Secure Payment (GO)?

GO Secure Payment is a system developed by BKM that verifies cardholders using a one-time password (OTP) during online purchases made with TROY cards, providing banks with a secure verification platform without needing to store card data.

Diagram showing how the iCVV code is generated for EMV chip cards

Credit Card

What Is iCVV? How Is It Generated?

iCVV stands for Integrated Circuit Card Verification Value. To prevent fraud, it is a CVV value generated similarly to the card's track data and stored on the card's chip. Visa uses the term iCVV; MasterCard and American Express use their own equivalents.

Table of CAVV result codes and what they mean for merchants

Merchant & POS

What is CAVV? What is AAV?

CAVV and AAV are verification codes used in 3D Secure transactions to ensure transaction integrity and security. CAVV is used by Visa, while AAV is used by Mastercard.