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Merchant onboarding process illustration

Merchant & POS

What is Onboarding (Merchant Definition)?

Onboarding refers to all the practices that help a customer learn to use a product or service for the first time. In payment institutions, it covers verifying a customer's information and documents during merchant application.

Diagram of HSM use case areas in security and payment systems

HSM & Security

What Is an HSM? What Is It Used For?

HSM, short for Hardware Security Module, is specialized security hardware built to store sensitive cryptographic keys in a physical environment and to perform cryptographic operations in the most secure way.

Illustration of personal data protection under the Turkish Personal Data Protection Law (KVKK)

Merchant & POS

What is the Personal Data Protection Law (KVKK)?

The Personal Data Protection Law was adopted by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on 24/03/2016 and published in Official Gazette No. 29677 on 07/04/2016. It protects individuals' rights in the processing of personal data and sets the rules that data controllers must follow.

Illustration of the compliance process between merchant bank and issuer in card payments

Chargeback

What Is Compliance (Regulatory Compliance)?

Compliance means adherence to card scheme rules. Outside chargebacks, it is how a bank that loses money because card payment organization rules were broken recovers that amount from the party that caused the loss.

Illustration of a Zone PIN Key (ZPK) protecting PIN data in a payment network

HSM & Security

What is ZPK (Zone PIN Key)?

ZPK, also known as the PIN Protection Key, is a data encryption key that is distributed automatically and used to encrypt PINs. It is also referred to as the 'Working Key'. This key allows PIN information to be carried securely across the network.

American Express chargeback reason codes list from the Chargeback and Exception Processing Guide

Chargeback

What Are the American Express Chargeback Reason Codes?

Chargeback reason codes vary by card scheme. The Amex chargeback reason codes and their descriptions are listed below: American Express Chargeback Reason Codes A01 The charge you submitted did not receive a valid authorization approval code for the amount...

Diagram illustrating the PSD (Payment Services Directive) regulatory framework

Merchant & POS

What is PSD (Payment Services Directive)?

PSD stands for Payment Services Directive, known as the Payment Services Law. It took effect in EU countries in 2009, and in 2015 new revisions were announced as PSD1, aiming to build an efficient, fast, secure, and competitive payment market.

TreeCard wooden bank card made from sustainably sourced cherry wood

Credit Card

Can a card be made from wood?

While the use of physical cards and POS terminals is gradually declining, positive developments continue, such as the world's first wooden card, TreeCard, backed by the search engine Ecosia and aimed at reforesting the world.

Conceptual illustration of loyalty points versus customer habit in agentic commerce purchasing

Agentic Commerce

Agentic Commerce Series – Part 5

Points or habit? Loyalty programs are built on steering human behavior. But if an AI agent starts shopping on our behalf, do points and campaigns still work the same way?

Illustration depicting digital POS payment terminals

Merchant & POS

What is Digital POS?

The digital form of Point of Sale (POS) systems is called Digital POS. There is also a software-only subtype called Virtual POS. After Mobile POS (mPOS) and Virtual POS usage became widespread, the term digital POS came to refer to these two products.

Apple Card and Apple Pay announcement graphic from Apple's Special Event

Credit Card

Apple Is Rewriting the Card World...

Most of us remember the impact the first iPhone, introduced by Steve Jobs on January 9, 2007 and revolutionary for its time, had on our lives. In a similar way, a product that will completely change how we use and view credit cards...