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Affinity credit card with club logo illustration

Credit Card

What is an Affinity Card (Membership Card)?

An affinity card is a type of credit card issued by a bank that carries the logo of a social organization such as an association, foundation, sports club, or charity (for example, Fenerbahce Bonus). It is similar in structure to a co-branded card.

Illustration of a co-branded credit card combining a bank and a commercial brand

Credit Card

What is a Co-Branded Card?

A co-branded card is a card offered by two or more organizations: one the issuing financial institution, the other a non-financial commercial brand (there may be more than one), such as an airline, hotel, or retail chain.

PIN pad device connected to a POS terminal

Merchant & POS

What Is a PIN Pad Device?

A PIN pad lets cardholders safely enter their PIN during POS transactions and lets contactless cards be tapped to transfer card data to the POS. Here is how it works.

Diagram illustrating the early hold release process for merchants

Merchant & POS

What Is Early Hold Release?

Early Hold Release is a solution that allows merchants operating under a holdback arrangement to access their turnover held in the hold account when they need cash, before the holdback period ends. Merchants can work with banks under 3 different terms.

Example of an EAN-13 barcode number

Courier & Delivery

What is the Barcode Generation Algorithm?

Barcode numbers are essential for the Courier system, since cards are distributed using the barcode number. So does the barcode number have a generation algorithm, or is it just randomly generated? The barcode number does have a generation algorithm.

Diagram of HSM use case areas in security and payment systems

HSM & Security

What Is an HSM? What Is It Used For?

HSM, short for Hardware Security Module, is specialized security hardware built to store sensitive cryptographic keys in a physical environment and to perform cryptographic operations in the most secure way.

Diagram of the ISO 8583 field F45 Track 1 data structure

ISO 8583

ISO 8583 Field Descriptions (F45)

F45 (TRACK-1 DAT) carries the Track 1 data of the card in ISO 7813 format, including field separators and start and end sentinels but excluding the LRC character. It is 76 characters long.

Diagram of ISO 8583 Field 2 (F2) card number structure

ISO 8583

ISO 8583 Field Descriptions (F2)

F2 is the Card Number field in ISO 8583, identifying the cardholder and issuing bank. This post covers its structure, the 8-digit BIN update, field format, first-digit scheme identification, and PCI DSS security requirements.

Reference table of ISO country codes including two-letter, three-letter, and numeric codes

ISO 8583

ISO Country Codes

In ISO messaging standards, country codes sent in fields such as F43, F19, F20, and F21 must follow a specific standard. Below is the country code list and details used for ISO, including 2-character, 3-character, and numeric codes.

Close-up of a payment card showing its first six digits, the BIN

Credit Card

What Is a BIN (Bank Identification Number)?

BIN stands for Bank Identification Number, the unique code made up of a card's first 6 digits that identifies which bank issued it, under the ISO/IEC 7812 standard.

Illustration of ISO 8583 message field layout used for field F47

ISO 8583

ISO 8583 Field Descriptions (F47)

F47-ADDITIONAL DATA (NATIONAL) is the field reserved for domestic additional information. In Turkey, it carries the BKM Unique ID in authorization transactions and data specific to KKPT (card-to-card transfer) transactions.

Illustration symbolizing the shift from search engines to AI-driven decision engines in online shopping

Payment Systems

Agentic Commerce Series - Part 2

If users start describing their needs instead of searching for products, one of the internet economy's most fundamental habits could change.