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Visa Merchant Purchase Inquiry (VMPI) process diagram

Fraud

What is Visa Merchant Purchase Inquiry (VMPI)?

Chargeback is the process of refunding a credit card payment when the goods or services that should have been received were not, or when transactions not made by the cardholder are identified. In Turkish it is translated as reversal of presentment.

Illustration of ISO 8583 message format

ISO 8583

ISO 8583 Field Descriptions (F44)

DE 44 - ADDITIONAL RESPONSE DATA is used to provide other supplementary data that may be needed in authorization, as a response to the authorization message. The Card Authentication Results Code is sent in position 9, and the CAVV Result Code is sent in position 15.

Illustration of dynamic CVM limit management for contactless card payments

Payment Systems

Dynamic CVM Limit Management Approach: A New Era in Card Security

One of the most notable recent developments in card payments is that contactless limits are no longer fixed and can be managed dynamically per customer. Mastercard and Visa are taking different but complementary approaches, and ISO 8583 may need to evolve with them.

Diagram illustrating the card payment arbitration process

Chargeback

What is Arbitration?

Arbitration, by definition, is a dispute resolution method in which disputes are settled by arbitrators the parties choose themselves, rather than by official courts. In payment systems, it follows a chargeback when the issuer and acquirer cannot agree.

Diagram of a partial authorization where an issuer approves only part of the requested amount

Merchant & POS

What Are the Partial Authorization Requirements for an Acquirer Bank?

Partial authorization lets an issuer approve part of the requested amount when the card lacks the full balance, with the rest paid another way. This post covers the technical, receipt, clearing, reconciliation, merchant and certification requirements for acquirers.

Animated illustration of a credit card representing dynamic security code technology

Credit Card

What is a Dynamic Card Security Code (CSC)?

It is a CVV2/CVC2 code that changes every few minutes instead of the static code printed on the back of a credit card, aimed at reducing fraud risk in CNP (Card Not Present) transactions.

Diagram illustrating the appeal stage of the card dispute and chargeback process between issuer, acquirer and card scheme

Payment Systems

What Is an Appeal? What Does It Mean in Payment Systems?

In payment systems, an “appeal” is the process of objecting to the outcome of a transaction dispute. It is usually discussed alongside chargebacks, but it plays a critical role in interbank dispute resolution, when a party asks the card scheme to re-evaluate a concluded decision.

POS terminal processing an EMV chip card transaction

Credit Card

Application Interchange Profile (AIP)

The Application Interchange Profile indicates the application functions supported by the card. The AIP values and their descriptions are given below. Where is the AIP found? The AIP is a 2-byte piece of data stored on the card, carried under EMV tag 82.

Diagram illustrating the Track 1 data structure and field layout on a magnetic stripe card

Credit Card

What is Track 1?

Track 1 is a special data set encoded on a card's magnetic stripe that contains the card information required for authorization when the card is used physically. It includes the cardholder name, card number, and expiration date.

Diagram illustrating the structure of Track2 data on a card's magnetic stripe

Credit Card

What Is Track2?

A special data set printed on a card's magnetic stripe, containing the card information required for authorization when the card is used physically. It consists of 40 numeric characters. The Track2 field structure includes several data fields such as length and description.