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MasterCard Identity Check logo and authentication illustration

Security

What is MasterCard Identity Check?

Payment security is very important in payment systems. To increase security, transactions require additional information such as PINs and passwords. Remembering which information to use, and keeping it in mind without forgetting…

Diagram illustrating a Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) architecture

HSM & Security

What is TEE (Trusted Execution Environment)?

A Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) is an environment where executed code and accessed data are isolated and protected in terms of confidentiality (no one has access to the data) and integrity (no one can alter the code or its behavior). We may not realize it, but many…

Example of a 3D Secure verification screen displaying a Personal Assurance Message

Security

What is PAM (Personal Assurance Message)?

PAM (Personal Assurance Message) is a message that users set up for 3D Secure transactions. It appears on the password screen during checkout and confirms to the user that the screen truly comes from their own bank.

Architecture diagram of the Visa EAS Server within the Visa Secure 3-D Secure authentication flow

EMV

What Is the Visa EAS Server?

The Visa EAS Server (Extended Access Service) is a server used in Visa’s authentication infrastructure. It was developed to run the cardholder authentication process securely between banks and the Visa network, particularly within Visa Secure (3-D Secure 2.x).

Architecture of 3DS 1.0 compared with 3DS 2.0, showing the issuer, interoperability and acquirer domains

Security

What Is 3D Secure 2.0?

Before 3D Secure 2.0, let's explain what 3D Secure is. 3D Secure is a two-layer payment authentication system that protects both the cardholder and the merchant in online payments. First released by Visa in 1999, it was later adopted by other card schemes…

Illustration representing Strong Customer Authentication (SCA) under PSD2

Payment Systems

What is Strong Customer Authentication (SCA)?

Strong Customer Authentication (SCA) is a security requirement introduced under the EU's Payment Services Directive 2 (PSD2) to increase security and reduce fraud in online payment transactions. SCA requires two of three independent authentication factors.

Diagram illustrating the EMV Tag-Length-Value (TLV) data structure used in card transactions

Online & Authorization

What are EMV Tags?

In EMV, data is stored in Tag-Length-Value (TLV) format, and it is carried between the card, the POS terminal, and the authorization system in this same format. This post lists every EMV Tag, its type, and its description.

Illustration showing how an Application Identifier (AID) is used in a chip card transaction

EMV

What is an Application Identifier (AID)?

The AID tells the terminal which applications are present on a chip during a POS or ATM transaction. What does the AID do? It lets the terminal determine whether it supports an application on the chip. In Tag 9F06, it is 5-16 digits long.