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Diagram of HSM use case areas in security and payment systems

HSM & Security

What Is an HSM? What Is It Used For?

HSM, short for Hardware Security Module, is specialized security hardware built to store sensitive cryptographic keys in a physical environment and to perform cryptographic operations in the most secure way.

Photo of a Pin Entry Device (PIN pad) used for card payments

Merchant & POS

What is a Pin Entry Device (PED)?

Pin Entry Device is another name for the PIN pad device we all know and use daily. It makes it easier for users to enter their card PIN during POS transactions with credit or debit cards, and is used for contactless card reading...

Illustration for a glossary of cryptocurrency terms such as Bitcoin, blockchain and mining

Cryptocurrency

What Are the Terms Used in the Cryptocurrency World?

Cryptocurrencies are becoming part of everyday life and are expected to compete seriously with card payments. This glossary explains the key crypto terms, from address, altcoin and arbitrage to halving, mining, proof of stake and stop-loss.

Illustration symbolizing the shift from search engines to AI-driven decision engines in online shopping

Payment Systems

Agentic Commerce Series - Part 2

If users start describing their needs instead of searching for products, one of the internet economy's most fundamental habits could change.

QR code payment being scanned with a smartphone at a point of sale

Laws & Regulations

The 'TR QR Code' Era in Payment Systems

The Regulation on the Generation and Use of TR QR Code in Payment Systems sets the standards for QR codes in payment services. The Central Bank has taken the first step by drafting rules for a common QR code structure.

Architecture of 3DS 1.0 compared with 3DS 2.0, showing the issuer, interoperability and acquirer domains

Security

What Is 3D Secure 2.0?

Before 3D Secure 2.0, let's explain what 3D Secure is. 3D Secure is a two-layer payment authentication system that protects both the cardholder and the merchant in online payments. First released by Visa in 1999, it was later adopted by other card schemes…

Diagram illustrating BKM TechPOS shared POS infrastructure

Merchant & POS

What is BKM TechPOS?

BKM TechPOS is an infrastructure through which card acquirers and POS/cash register manufacturers can interoperate via BKM, letting all participating banks provide card acceptance services on a single device.

Illustration of an ATM with a voice menu for visually impaired customers

ATM

What Must Banks Do for Visually Impaired Customers?

Banks must provide the infrastructure for ATM access by visually impaired customers. Among ATMs side by side or less than 50 meters apart, only one needs to comply; all other ATMs must serve visually impaired customers. Details of Article 7 are below.

Diagram illustrating the Store and Forward (SAF) offline transaction process

Payment Systems

What is Store and Forward (SAF)?

Store and Forward (SAF) describes offline transaction processing. It was originally developed when modems were introduced and connections were not always stable, letting terminals store transactions and forward them once connectivity is restored.