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Diagram explaining 3D Secure, Half 3D, and Non 3D e-commerce transaction levels

Merchant & POS

What is an E-commerce Transaction?

E-Commerce can briefly be described as the sale and purchase of products over the internet, a term used since 1969. Virtual POS operates behind e-commerce transactions, which take place at different levels: Non 3D, Half 3D, and Full 3D Secure.

Payment transaction success rate metric

Merchant & POS

What Is the Transaction Success Rate?

The Transaction Success Rate (TSR) is a key performance metric measuring the percentage of attempted payment transactions that complete successfully, and a critical indicator of overall payment health.

Diagram showing how card transaction data flows through the ISO 8583 messaging standard

Merchant & POS

What is ISO 8583?

Introduction: When a card (credit card/debit card/prepaid card) is used at an ATM or POS, data must be carried securely between systems. For example, in a store sale, the POS initiates the transaction, which must reach the cardholder's bank intact.

Diagram illustrating the EMV Tag-Length-Value (TLV) data structure used in card transactions

Online & Authorization

What are EMV Tags?

In EMV, data is stored in Tag-Length-Value (TLV) format, and it is carried between the card, the POS terminal, and the authorization system in this same format. This post lists every EMV Tag, its type, and its description.

Illustration of embedded finance, with payment, credit, insurance and investment services built into everyday digital platforms

Open Banking

What Is Embedded Finance?

Embedded Finance means integrating financial products and services into non-financial platforms, experiences or business processes. In other words, services offered by financial institutions become part of the product or service flows of non-financial organizations.

Discover chargeback reason codes list

Payment Systems

What Are the Discover Chargeback Reason Codes?

Chargeback reason codes differ by card scheme. Here is the list of Discover chargeback reason codes and their descriptions, along with how merchants can use them.

Diagram comparing the refund and chargeback processes

Merchant & POS

Is There a Difference Between Refund and Chargeback?

Let's first look at chargeback and refund: a chargeback returns the amount paid to a credit card when goods or services are not received, or when transactions not made by the cardholder are detected.

Diagram of the TR QR Code payment flow between cardholder, issuer, BKM and acquirer

Payment Systems

Why Am I Getting an Error When I Try to Pay with a TR QR Code?

In payment or cash withdrawal transactions, the TR QR Code is generated by the POS or ATM. The card issuing bank must build its systems to read and act on this code. Errors usually stem from mishandling the long and short QR code flows, which are explained here.

Diagram illustrating the card authorization process

Merchant & POS

What Happens During Authorization?

Today, credit cards play an important role in our daily lives. We can carry out almost all of our transactions without carrying cash, using our credit card instead. During a purchase, we hand our card to the cashier and enter our PIN at the POS terminal.

Photograph of a POS terminal used for Chip and Pin card payments

Merchant & POS

What is Chip&Pin?

Chip&Pin, introduced in Turkey on March 31, 2006, is a payment method that greatly reduces the risks of card copying and loss or theft fraud. The chip on the card reduces copying risk, while the 4-digit PIN prevents unauthorized use of a lost card.