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Diagram illustrating the PSD (Payment Services Directive) regulatory framework

Merchant & POS

What is PSD (Payment Services Directive)?

PSD stands for Payment Services Directive, known as the Payment Services Law. It took effect in EU countries in 2009, and in 2015 new revisions were announced as PSD1, aiming to build an efficient, fast, secure, and competitive payment market.

Credit card being inserted into a merchant POS terminal

Credit Card

What Is the Transaction Life Cycle in the Card World?

As credit cards become more and more a part of our lives, we now make almost all our purchases without cash. We inserted our card into the merchant's POS. We made a 100 TRY sale transaction. We received a receipt confirming it was successful.

Diagram illustrating the ISO 8583 field 32 structure

ISO 8583

ISO 8583 Field Descriptions (F32)

F32 - ACQUIRING INSTITUTION IDENTIFICATION CODE: the 11-digit acquirer bank ID. The values it can take for domestic transactions and by card brand include Visa, MasterCard, UnionPay, Discover and JCB formats.

POS terminal processing an EMV chip card transaction

Credit Card

Application Interchange Profile (AIP)

The Application Interchange Profile indicates the application functions supported by the card. The AIP values and their descriptions are given below. Where is the AIP found? The AIP is a 2-byte piece of data stored on the card, carried under EMV tag 82.

Visa PIN security program guide illustration

Security

What Is the Visa PIN Security Program Guide?

The Visa PIN Security Program Guide describes the security and procedural requirements for acquirers and their agents that process PIN data or manage keys for PINs associated with Visa transactions.

Credit card statement showing an unrecognized transaction

Credit Card

Is Your Card Making Purchases Without Your Knowledge?

While reviewing your credit card statement, you suddenly notice a transaction you never made. What would you think? Is your card going shopping while you sleep? Let's look at how this can happen and what to do about it.

Diagram illustrating the card payment arbitration process

Chargeback

What is Arbitration?

Arbitration, by definition, is a dispute resolution method in which disputes are settled by arbitrators the parties choose themselves, rather than by official courts. In payment systems, it follows a chargeback when the issuer and acquirer cannot agree.

Visa Merchant Purchase Inquiry (VMPI) process diagram

Fraud

What is Visa Merchant Purchase Inquiry (VMPI)?

Chargeback is the process of refunding a credit card payment when the goods or services that should have been received were not, or when transactions not made by the cardholder are identified. In Turkish it is translated as reversal of presentment.

Diagram of a partial authorization where an issuer approves only part of the requested amount

Merchant & POS

What Are the Partial Authorization Requirements for an Acquirer Bank?

Partial authorization lets an issuer approve part of the requested amount when the card lacks the full balance, with the rest paid another way. This post covers the technical, receipt, clearing, reconciliation, merchant and certification requirements for acquirers.