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Diagram illustrating how a contactless offline transaction is processed

Merchant & POS

Can a Contactless Offline Transaction Occur?

A contactless offline transaction can occur. If the amount is lower than the floor limit defined on the POS and the card also allows offline authorization, the transaction can be completed offline. Offline transactions are periodically sent by the POS to the acquiring bank.

Illustration of a point-of-sale terminal checking a card against a warning list

Merchant & POS

What is the Combined Warning List (BUL)?

The Combined Warning List (BUL) lists card numbers the issuer wants blocked (lost, stolen, counterfeit, etc.), which acquiring merchants check within certain limits, at their own risk, when online authorization cannot be obtained.

Illustration representing an AI agent making a payment

Agentic Commerce

Agentic Commerce Series – Part 4

Are We Ready to Give an AI Agent the Authority to Make Payments? Having long looked at complaint and dispute processes in payment systems, I think granting an agent payment authority is far different from research or product selection.

Illustration symbolizing the shift from search engines to AI-driven decision engines in online shopping

Payment Systems

Agentic Commerce Series - Part 2

If users start describing their needs instead of searching for products, one of the internet economy's most fundamental habits could change.

Architecture diagram of the Visa EAS Server within the Visa Secure 3-D Secure authentication flow

EMV

What Is the Visa EAS Server?

The Visa EAS Server (Extended Access Service) is a server used in Visa’s authentication infrastructure. It was developed to run the cardholder authentication process securely between banks and the Visa network, particularly within Visa Secure (3-D Secure 2.x).

Illustration of an AI-based payment agent making payments automatically on behalf of a user

Payment Systems

What Are AI-Based Payment Agents?

Digitalization keeps changing the speed and shape of payments. AI-based payment agents pay on their own within user-defined limits and rules, completing transactions without the user initiating any action. This post explains how they work and what to watch for.

Diagram illustrating card fraud and forgery in card payments

Security

What Is Forgery in Card Payments?

Forgery in card payments means transactions made with card details without the cardholder's knowledge, or purchases with counterfeit or stolen cards. Merchants cannot eliminate fraud and chargeback risk, but they should aim to reduce it to reasonable levels.