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Illustration representing Strong Customer Authentication (SCA) under PSD2

Payment Systems

What is Strong Customer Authentication (SCA)?

Strong Customer Authentication (SCA) is a security requirement introduced under the EU's Payment Services Directive 2 (PSD2) to increase security and reduce fraud in online payment transactions. SCA requires two of three independent authentication factors.

Architecture of 3DS 1.0 compared with 3DS 2.0, showing the issuer, interoperability and acquirer domains

Security

What Is 3D Secure 2.0?

Before 3D Secure 2.0, let's explain what 3D Secure is. 3D Secure is a two-layer payment authentication system that protects both the cardholder and the merchant in online payments. First released by Visa in 1999, it was later adopted by other card schemes…

Illustration of a smart card chip related to the ISO/IEC 7816 standard

Credit Card

What is ISO/IEC 7816?

ISO/IEC 7816 is an international standard jointly maintained by ISO and IEC, covering contact-based electronic identification cards, especially smart cards. It consists of 15 different parts, each covering a different aspect of smart card technology.

Credit card with digital security code animation

Credit Card

What is dCVV2?

Most of us are familiar with CVV2/CVC2 - the security code on the back of a card, usually three digits. So what is dCVV2? Here's how dynamic CVV technology works and why Visa introduced it for online payments.

Illustration representing digital payment methods such as cards and mobile wallets

Merchant & POS

What is Digital Payment?

Payments made over the internet are called digital payments. Card payments, cryptocurrency, and online banking transfers all fall within the scope of digital payment, along with mobile wallets and QR code payments.

Payment card being checked against a card recovery bulletin of problem cards

Merchant & POS

What Is a Card Recovery Bulletin (Card Protection Bulletin)?

A Card Recovery Bulletin is a list of problem cards (lost, stolen, expired, over-limit, counterfeit or otherwise flagged) published by card schemes such as Visa or MasterCard. It shows whether a card number is listed on the date of purchase.

Example of a 3D Secure verification screen displaying a Personal Assurance Message

Security

What is PAM (Personal Assurance Message)?

PAM (Personal Assurance Message) is a message that users set up for 3D Secure transactions. It appears on the password screen during checkout and confirms to the user that the screen truly comes from their own bank.