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Payment Systems
This Guide links business models frequently encountered in the payments field to the payment services listed in Law No. 6493 on Payment and Securities Settlement Systems, Payment Services and Electronic Money Institutions, and aims at uniformity in practice.
Payment Institutions & E-Money
On 7 October 2023, the CBRT amended the Communiqué on Information Systems of Payment and E-Money Institutions and Data Sharing Services of Payment Service Providers, first published on 1 December 2021. Links to the new text, a comparison table and a detailed summary of changes follow.
Closed-Loop Payments
Is Starbucks really selling coffee, or building an ecosystem? Prepaid balances, a loyalty program and customer data turn a coffee chain's payments into a closed-loop economy, a very different model from Istanbulkart.
E-commerce
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) is a business model in which consumers trade with each other, usually online. This post explains how C2C works, gives examples from Turkiye, and describes the types of C2C businesses.
Payment Institutions & E-Money
A platform lets about 5,000 members top up online accounts by card, pay other members and cash out. Because the member base keeps growing and has no defined limits, it does not qualify as a limited network.
Laws & Regulations
A prepaid card used only for transport is considered to be used “only to purchase a limited range of services” and therefore outside the scope of the Law under Article 18(5). Each business model must still be assessed separately.
Closed-Loop Payments
In the final post of the closed-loop payments series, the common question behind cards, QR payments, and prepaid balances comes into focus: who manages the customer relationship, and whose ecosystem does the customer stay in?
E-commerce
B2C stands for Business to Consumer and refers to producers selling their products to consumers online. It is the most widely used and best-known business model in e-commerce.
Payment Institutions & E-Money
A company that collects online payments through its own virtual POS and pays merchants on agreed dates is providing a payment service, and it needs a license from the Board unless an exemption applies.
FAST
Request to Pay lets users request payment from people who owe them money through a banking application. The CBRT has expanded the FAST Request to Pay Overlay Service so that corporate users can also use it.
Payment Institutions & E-Money
A prepaid card usable only at goods and service providers inside a single holiday village is considered to be used within a limited network and outside the scope of the Law, provided certain conditions are met.
E-commerce
AI agents are moving beyond answering questions to searching, deciding, and paying on behalf of users. This post explains Agentic Commerce and what it means for payment systems, digital wallets, e-money institutions, banks, and fintechs.