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Laws & Regulations
Under the Directive, it is clear that some e-commerce platforms should be within scope. Whether a platform counts as a payment institution depends on its business model.
Closed-Loop Payments
Is Alipay a payment system, or a digital economy? In the previous post we discussed how Starbucks shows that payment systems can evolve into a different structure. At first the goal was to make payment easier for the customer. As the system grew, loyalty programs...
Payment System Institutions
BKM (Interbank Card Center) works through several committees: Security, Operations and Technology, Market Development, Business Development, Chargeback Rules and Arbitration, ATM Sharing, plus arbitration committees. This post outlines each one's duties.
Payment Systems
BKM Payment Gateway is the general name for platforms that let government institutions accept card payments through BKM as intermediary. For the first time, SGK and e-Government title deed payments can be made with all banking cards.
Payment Institutions & E-Money
The CBRT published its Communique on the Redetermination of the Minimum Equity Amounts of Payment and E-Money Institutions in the Official Gazette. The new amounts apply from 30 June 2025.
Merchant & POS
A virtual POS is a payment platform that enables online payments by credit or debit card. Banks also give merchants interfaces for mail order, pre-authorization, cancellations and refunds.
E-commerce
In recent years, data exchange over wireless mobile devices has become much faster and more secure. In 2019, mobile devices were used in 54.5 percent of purchases made by e-commerce users. With the steady growth in mobile users, mobile commerce keeps gaining ground.
E-commerce
AI agents are moving beyond answering questions to searching, deciding, and paying on behalf of users. This post explains Agentic Commerce and what it means for payment systems, digital wallets, e-money institutions, banks, and fintechs.
Payment Institutions & E-Money
Payment Services Data Sharing Services refers to the data sharing services used in the payment services set out in subparagraphs (f) or (g) of the first paragraph of Article 12 of Law No. 6493.
Merchant & POS
The Transaction Success Rate (TSR) is a key performance metric measuring the percentage of attempted payment transactions that complete successfully, and a critical indicator of overall payment health.
Payment Systems
All e-money institutions are authorized to issue e-money under Article 18, paragraph 2 of Law No. 6493. In addition, the payment services they are authorized to provide under Article 12 of Law No. 6493 are shown in the table below.
Closed-Loop Payments
In the final post of the closed-loop payments series, the common question behind cards, QR payments, and prepaid balances comes into focus: who manages the customer relationship, and whose ecosystem does the customer stay in?