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Closed-Loop Payments
Is Alipay a payment system, or a digital economy? In the previous post we discussed how Starbucks shows that payment systems can evolve into a different structure. At first the goal was to make payment easier for the customer. As the system grew, loyalty programs...
Payment System Institutions
One of the most important transformations in banking over the last few years has undoubtedly been remote customer onboarding. Individuals can now become bank customers within minutes without visiting a branch. Digital identity checks and contracts largely solved a long-standing problem...
Laws & Regulations
The Visa Core Rules and Visa Product and Service Rules documents define the fundamental rules that apply to all institutions in the Visa network. They are updated regularly, and all members are expected to follow the latest version.
Open Banking
Embedded Finance means integrating financial products and services into non-financial platforms, experiences or business processes. In other words, services offered by financial institutions become part of the product or service flows of non-financial organizations.
Merchant & POS
In payment systems, every exchange between POS devices and bank or payment institution systems runs on a specific messaging standard, generally based on ISO 8583. However, each country, bank, or switch network defines its own version of this standard.
Open Banking
First, it is useful to briefly recall the concepts of Banking as a Service and Open Banking. Banking as a Service (BaaS) lets interface developers connect directly to service banks' systems via APIs and open banking services to run banking transactions for customers...
Open Banking
No. Under the BRSA communiqué on service model banking, service banks can provide service model banking only to interface developers resident in Türkiye.
Payment Institutions & E-Money
Under the Law on Payment Services and Electronic Money Institutions, the organs, duties and powers, and working principles of the Payment and Electronic Money Institutions Association of Turkey have been determined. The statute is now in force.
Payment Institutions & E-Money
Used as an abbreviation for Application Programming Interface, an API is an interface that allows an application's functions to be accessed and used from outside or remotely, letting an application on a server be reached from different platforms.
Merchant & POS
PSD stands for Payment Services Directive, known as the Payment Services Law. It took effect in EU countries in 2009, and in 2015 new revisions were announced as PSD1, aiming to build an efficient, fast, secure, and competitive payment market.
Agentic Commerce
The next customer on the internet may not be human. If AI agents become part of purchasing decisions, the rules of e-commerce, marketing, and payment systems could change.
Closed-Loop Payments
In the final post of the closed-loop payments series, the common question behind cards, QR payments, and prepaid balances comes into focus: who manages the customer relationship, and whose ecosystem does the customer stay in?